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Religion and violence
P. Juan Bottasso
Alteridad : Revista de Educación , 2011,
Abstract: Las religiones son necesariamente violentas?Resulta evidente que en la actualidad, muchos de los conflictos, que ensangrientan el planeta, tienen un trasfondo religioso. El que aparece casi a diario en los noticieros es el que contrapone israelíes y palestinos (judíos contra musulmanes), pero con enorme frecuencia se habla también de actos terroristas llevados a cabo por fanáticos religiosos que no dudan en masacrar a civiles inocentes, en nombre de la divinidad. Debe ser bajo el efecto de estas informaciones que, cuando a fines de 2010 el Times de Londres preguntó a los lectores si consideraban la religión útil para la sociedad, éstos contestaron mayoritariamente de manera negativa. En la mira de los críticos se encuentran especialmente las religiones monoteístas, porque, al considerarse exclusivas poseedoras de la única verdad, están particularmente expuestas a la intransigencia, basadas en la premisa que el error no puede tener derechos.
Rese a de "Protestantismo indígena" de Susana Andrade
Bottasso , Juan
Iconos : Revista de Ciencias Sociales , 2004,
Abstract:
A misunderstood Pope
Juan Bottasso
Alteridad : Revista de Educación , 2013,
Abstract: After Pope Benedict′s resignation, the media obsessively highlighted divisions of the Church and the scandals, forgetting that Joseph Ratzinger had sought to preserve the Church′s “common denominator of tradition and dogma”. Through a brief analysis on the difficult path Ratzinger had to lead, as part of the Ecumenical Council, in his differences with the theology of liberation, and his reluctance later as Pope to blindly leap into modernity, this article points out Ratzinger′s efforts to keep the Church unified. Ratzinger belonged to the progressive wing of the Council, however, his work was misunderstood for having to maintain order in a world marked by 1968′s social revolution, the Cold War, Marxism, the politicization of religion, and thus having to defend the Church from “self-destruction”. This article discusses the reality of Ratzinger, Pope Benedict XVI, a life dedicated to the Catholic Church in the face of today′s world challenges.
Chagasic Thymic Atrophy Does Not Affect Negative Selection but Results in the Export of Activated CD4+CD8+ T Cells in Severe Forms of Human Disease
Alexandre Morrot ,Eugênia Terra-Granado,Ana Rosa Pérez,Suse Dayse Silva-Barbosa,Novica M. Mili？evi？,Désio Aurélio Farias-de-Oliveira,Luiz Ricardo Berbert,Juliana De Meis,Christina Maeda Takiya,Juan Beloscar,Xiaoping Wang,Vivian Kont,P？rt Peterson,Oscar Bottasso,Wilson Savino
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases , 2011, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001268
Abstract: Extrathymic CD4+CD8+ double-positive (DP) T cells are increased in some pathophysiological conditions, including infectious diseases. In the murine model of Chagas disease, it has been shown that the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi is able to target the thymus and induce alterations of the thymic microenvironment and the lymphoid compartment. In the acute phase, this results in a severe atrophy of the organ and early release of DP cells into the periphery. To date, the effect of the changes promoted by the parasite infection on thymic central tolerance has remained elusive. Herein we show that the intrathymic key elements that are necessary to promote the negative selection of thymocytes undergoing maturation during the thymopoiesis remains functional during the acute chagasic thymic atrophy. Intrathymic expression of the autoimmune regulator factor (Aire) and tissue-restricted antigen (TRA) genes is normal. In addition, the expression of the proapoptotic Bim protein in thymocytes was not changed, revealing that the parasite infection-induced thymus atrophy has no effect on these marker genes necessary to promote clonal deletion of T cells. In a chicken egg ovalbumin (OVA)-specific T-cell receptor (TCR) transgenic system, the administration of OVA peptide into infected mice with thymic atrophy promoted OVA-specific thymocyte apoptosis, further indicating normal negative selection process during the infection. Yet, although the intrathymic checkpoints necessary for thymic negative selection are present in the acute phase of Chagas disease, we found that the DP cells released into the periphery acquire an activated phenotype similar to what is described for activated effector or memory single-positive T cells. Most interestingly, we also demonstrate that increased percentages of peripheral blood subset of DP cells exhibiting an activated HLA-DR+ phenotype are associated with severe cardiac forms of human chronic Chagas disease. These cells may contribute to the immunopathological events seen in the Chagas disease.
Early Double-Negative Thymocyte Export in Trypanosoma cruzi Infection Is Restricted by Sphingosine Receptors and Associated with Human Chagas Disease
Ailin Lepletier,Liliane de Almeida,Leonardo Santos,Luzia da Silva Sampaio,Bruno Paredes,Florencia Belén González,Célio Geraldo Freire-de-Lima,Juan Beloscar,Oscar Bottasso,Marcelo Einicker-Lamas,Ana Rosa Pérez,Wilson Savino,Alexandre Morrot
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases , 2014, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003203
Abstract: The protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi is able to target the thymus and induce alterations of the thymic microenvironmental and lymphoid compartments. Acute infection results in severe atrophy of the organ and early release of immature thymocytes into the periphery. To date, the pathophysiological effects of thymic changes promoted by parasite-inducing premature release of thymocytes to the periphery has remained elusive. Herein, we show that sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), a potent mediator of T cell chemotaxis, plays a role in the exit of immature double-negative thymocytes in experimental Chagas disease. In thymuses from T. cruzi-infected mice we detected reduced transcription of the S1P kinase 1 and 2 genes related to S1P biosynthesis, together with increased transcription of the SGPL1 sphingosine-1-lyase gene, whose product inactivates S1P. These changes were associated with reduced intrathymic levels of S1P kinase activity. Interestingly, double-negative thymocytes from infected animals expressed high levels of the S1P receptor during infection, and migrated to lower levels of S1P. Moreover, during T. cruzi infection, this thymocyte subset expresses high levels of IL-17 and TNF-α cytokines upon polyclonal stimulation. In vivo treatment with the S1P receptor antagonist FTY720 resulted in recovery the numbers of double-negative thymocytes in infected thymuses to physiological levels. Finally, we showed increased numbers of double-negative T cells in the peripheral blood in severe cardiac forms of human Chagas disease.
TNF-α Is Involved in the Abnormal Thymocyte Migration during Experimental Trypanosoma cruzi Infection and Favors the Export of Immature Cells
Ana Rosa Pérez, Luiz Ricardo Berbert, Ailin Lepletier, Silvia Revelli, Oscar Bottasso, Suse Dayse Silva-Barbosa, Wilson Savino
PLOS ONE , 2012, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034360
Abstract: Previous studies revealed a significant production of inflammatory cytokines together with severe thymic atrophy and thymocyte migratory disturbances during experimental Chagas disease. Migratory activity of thymocytes and mature T cells seem to be finely tuned by cytokines, chemokines and extracellular matrix (ECM) components. Systemic TNF-α is enhanced during infection and appears to be crucial in the response against the parasite. However, it also seems to be involved in disease pathology, since it is implicated in the arrival of T cells to effector sites, including the myocardium. Herein, we analyzed the role of TNF-α in the migratory activity of thymocytes in Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi) acutely-infected mice. We found increased expression and deposition of TNF-α in the thymus of infected animals compared to controls, accompanied by increased co-localization of fibronectin, a cell migration-related ECM molecule, whose contents in the thymus of infected mice is also augmented. In-vivo studies showed an enhanced export of thymocytes in T. cruzi-infected mice, as ascertained by intrathymic injection of FITC alone or in combination with TNF-α. The increase of immature CD4+CD8+ T cells in secondary lymphoid organs was even more clear-cut when TNF-α was co-injected with FITC. Ex-vivo transmigration assays also revealed higher number of migrating cells when TNF-α was added onto fibronectin lattices, with higher input of all thymocyte subsets, including immature CD4+CD8+. Infected animals also exhibit enhanced levels of expression of both mRNA TNF-α receptors in the CD4+CD8+ subpopulation. Our findings suggest that in T. cruzi acute infection, when TNF-α is complexed with fibronectin, it favours the altered migration of thymocytes, promoting the release of mature and immature T cells to different compartments of the immune system. Conceptually, this work reinforces the notion that thymocyte migration is a multivectorial biological event in health and disease, and that TNF-α is a further player in the process.
Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Regulates Glucocorticoid Synthesis in the Adrenal Glands of Trypanosoma cruzi Acutely-Infected Mice. The Role of TNF-R1
Silvina R. Villar, M. Teresa Ronco, Rodrigo Fernández Bussy, Eduardo Roggero, Ailin Lepletier, Romina Manarin, Wilson Savino, Ana Rosa Pérez, Oscar Bottasso
PLOS ONE , 2013, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063814
Abstract: Adrenal steroidogenesis is under a complex regulation involving extrinsic and intrinsic adrenal factors. TNF-α is an inflammatory cytokine produced in response to tissue injury and several other stimuli. We have previously demonstrated that TNF-R1 knockout (TNF-R1？/？) mice have a dysregulated synthesis of glucocorticoids (GCs) during Trypanosoma cruzi acute infection. Since TNF-α may influence GCs production, not only through the hypothalamus-pituitary axis, but also at the adrenal level, we now investigated the role of this cytokine on the adrenal GCs production. Wild type (WT) and TNF-R1？/？ mice undergoing acute infection (Tc-WT and Tc-TNF-R1？/？ groups), displayed adrenal hyperplasia together with increased GCs levels. Notably, systemic ACTH remained unchanged in Tc-WT and Tc-TNF-R1？/？ compared with uninfected mice, suggesting some degree of ACTH-independence of GCs synthesis. TNF-α expression was increased within the adrenal gland from both infected mouse groups, with Tc-WT mice showing an augmented TNF-R1 expression. Tc-WT mice showed increased levels of P-p38 and P-ERK compared to uninfected WT animals, whereas Tc-TNF-R1？/？ mice had increased p38 and JNK phosphorylation respect to Tc-WT mice. Strikingly, adrenal NF-κB and AP-1 activation during infection was blunted in Tc-TNF-R1？/？ mice. The accumulation of mRNAs for steroidogenic acute regulatory protein and cytochrome P450 were significantly increased in both Tc-WT and Tc-TNF-R1？/？ mice; being much more augmented in the latter group, which also had remarkably increased GCs levels. TNF-α emerges as a potent modulator of steroidogenesis in adrenocortical cells during T. cruzi infection in which MAPK pathways, NF-κB and AP-1 seem to play a role in the adrenal synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines and enzymes regulating GCs synthesis. These results suggest the existence of an intrinsic immune-adrenal interaction involved in the dysregulated synthesis of GCs during murine Chagas disease.
Asociación espacial entre fragmentación socioeconómica y ambiental en la ciudad de Mar del Plata, Argentina
Celemín,Juan P;
EURE (Santiago) , 2012, DOI: 10.4067/S0250-71612012000100002
Abstract: is there a relationship between peoples' socioeconomic level and the quality of the environment in which they live? to answer this question, spatial autocorrelation was used to associate a social and economic index with an environmental one, using the census tracts of mar del plata (argentina). this demonstrated a positive answer to the question, i.e. those who possess economic resources have the capacity to live in a healthy environment. the integration of the variables ofthese two indices in a cluster analysis showed a spatial configuration similar to that obtained with the spatial autocorrelation. this reflected the need to improve environmental conditions in those lessfavoredsectors as, in addition to the economic context, a healthy environment is one ofthe factors necessary for good quality oflife.
Online Video Business Models: YouTube vs. Hulu
Artero,Juan P.;
Palabra Clave , 2010,
Abstract: the origins and development of two of the most successful online video services in the united states: youtube and hulu, are examined in this paper. in looking into both these business stories, the case study analyzes the different commercial models implemented by the companies in question, the results in terms of web traffic and revenue, and the strategic outlook for both firms. youtube develops a model that offers free videos on a global scale, but with local idiosyncrasies in the most important markets. it offers a large quantity of videos; however, in general, they are short in duration and poor in quality. in most cases, the videos are submitted and produced by the users themselves. this has the potential for creating technological problems (video streaming capacity will have to be high performance), legal difficulties (possible violations involving protected or inappropriate content) and commercial problems (reluctance among advertisers to insert ads in low-quality videos). hulu concentrates on offering professional content free of charge and only on a national scale in the united states. the quantity of videos is much smaller; however, they generally are of longer duration and better quality. the videos are made available by the channels and the production companies that hold the rights to them. consequently, hulu faces fewer problems of a technological, legal and commercial nature, but its brand is not as well known, nor does it have the summoning power of youtube
Ciudadanía, Participación y Democracia Deuda y Déficit en los 20 a？os de "Democracia" en Chile
Paredes P,Juan Pablo;
Polis (Santiago) , 2011, DOI: 10.4067/S0718-65682011000100022
Abstract: the thesis defended on this essay is that the promise-desire called "democracy", understood as the necessary and beneficial confluence between citizenship participation and a political management model (today concertacionista), is one of the main national debts of the concertación governments. debt, because in the political plan for after regaining democracy social forces were excluded from "power practice" -although in the struggle for achievement of femocracy social forces played a fundamental role- all wich has risen to a deficit of citizenship participation and of participative citizenship in the twenty years of concertación governments. nevertheless today, because of social forces action and potentially because of the last government's discourse, a series of conditions have arise that enable to discuss and conduct the sociopolitical model towards inclusion and citizenship participation, understood in two ways: first as a strenghtening of civil society against the fragmentation of social network (demos reconstruction) and the development of mechanisms of citizenship participation in public management, opossing the devaluation of democracy and politics (polis reconstruction).
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